The mammalian NLR gene family was first reported over 20 years ago, although several
genes that were later grouped into the family were already known at that time. Although it is …

Adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells are crucial for protective
immunity against pathogens and tumors. Differentiation and function of immune cells require …

T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T
helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adequate CD4 and CD8 T …

Metabolic adaptation to viral infections critically determines the course and manifestations of
disease. At the systemic level, a significant feature of viral infection and inflammation that …

Immunometabolism, which is the metabolic reprogramming of anaerobic glycolysis,
oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolite synthesis upon immune cell activation, has …

Macrophages are essential innate immune cells that contribute to host defense during
infection. An important feature of macrophages is their ability to respond to extracellular cues …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the most critical pathological factor in the
development of low back pain. The maintenance of nucleus pulposus (NP) cell and …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) comprise a group of important human and animal pathogens. Despite
extensive research in the past 3 years, the host innate immune defense mechanisms against …

Metformin has been a long-standing prescribed drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D)
and its beneficial effects on virus infection, autoimmune diseases, aging and cancers are …

Abstract The PI3K/AKT pathway plays an essential role in tumour development. NOD-like
receptors (NLRs) regulate innate immunity and are implicated in cancer, but whether they …