The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the
stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a …

The gastrointestinal tract harbours the largest population of mast cells in the body; this highly
specialised leukocyte cell type is able to adapt its phenotype and function to the …

Studies on the interactions between SARS‐CoV‐2 and humoral immunity are fundamental
to elaborate effective therapies including vaccines. We used polychromatic flow cytometry …

Abnormalities of mast cell structure or function may play prominent roles in irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS) symptom genesis. Mast cells show close apposition to sensory nerves and …

Antibody responses are classified according to whether B cells receive help from T cells—
that is, whether they are thymus-dependent (TD) responses or thymus-independent (TI) …

Mast cells are widely distributed in human organs and tissues and they are particularly
abundant at major body interfaces with the external environment such as the skin, the lung …

Basophils, eosinophils and mast cells were first recognized by Paul Ehrlich in the late 19th
century. These cells have common, but non-redundant roles, in the pathogenesis of allergic …

Mast cells (MCs) are currently recognized as effector cells in many settings of the immune
response, including host defense, immune regulation, allergy, chronic inflammation, and …

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, and it has been
shown that the etiology of irritable bowel syndrome is a multifactorial complex of …

Continuous exposure of intestinal mucosal surfaces to diverse microorganisms and their
metabolites reflects the biological necessity for a multifaceted, integrated epithelial and …