Root tropisms are important responses of plants, allowing them to adapt their growth
direction. Research on plant tropisms is indispensable for future space programs that …

Kinesins constitute a superfamily of ATP-driven microtubule motor enzymes that convert the
chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work along microtubule tracks. Kinesins …

Gravitropism is a process by which plant organs readjust their growth toward or away from
the gravity vector when the plant is reoriented. The actin cytoskeleton has often been a …

Leaf epinasty involves the downward bending of leaves as a result of disturbances in their
growth, with a greater expansion in adaxial cells as compared to abaxial surface cells. The …

Roots anchor a plant in the soil, acquire nutrition and respond to environmental cues. Roots
perform these functions using intricate movements and a variety of pathways have been …

The growth direction of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) etiolated-seedling hypocotyl
is a complex trait that is controlled by extrinsic signals such as gravity and touch as well as …

Hypoxia occurs when the oxygen levels fall below the levels required for mitochondria to
support respiration. Regulated hypoxia is associated with quiescence, particularly in storage …

Gravity is a crucial environmental factor regulating plant growth and development. Plants
have the ability to sense a change in the direction of gravity, which leads to the re-orientation …

In the current chapter, the impact of phytohormones on organization and dynamic properties
of the plant cytoskeleton (microtubules and actin filaments) is analyzed. Respectively …

The ability of roots to navigate around rocks and other debris as they grow through the soil
requires a mechanism for detecting and responding to input from both touch and gravity …