This review summarizes the level of epidemiologic evidence for relationships between
prenatal and/or early life exposure to environmental chemical contaminants and fetal, child …

This review focuses on the impacts of lead exposure on reproductive health and outcomes.
High levels of paternal lead exposure (> 40 μg/dl or> 25 μg/dl for a period of years) appear …

Neural tube defects (NTDs)—malformations secondary to abnormal neural tube closure
between the third and fourth weeks of gestational age—have a complex and imperfectly …

Based on analysis of the Manchester city-region, this book offers a vision of a sustainable
urban future, through integrated strategic management of the entire city-region. It translates …

Background: Neural tube defects (NTDs) affect> 300,000 pregnancies worldwide annually.
Few nongenetic factors, other than folate deficiency, have been identified that may provide …

Major congenital anomalies are diagnosed in 2–4% of births. In this paper we review
epidemiological studies that have specifically looked at congenital anomalies as a possible …

Background Toxic metals including arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead are known
human developmental toxicants that are able to cross the placental barrier from mother to …

Many times in the history of lead toxicology the view that “the problem” has been solved and
is no longer a major health concern has prevailed, only to have further research …

Neural tube defects are important causes of infant mortality and childhood morbidity. We
investigated the relationship between zinc, selenium, copper, and lead concentrations and …

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are neurotoxins, and some studies suggest that these
elements might also be teratogens. Using a case–control study design, we investigated the …