Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27,
1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse …

Progress has been made over the last 10 years in determining the neural mechanisms of
sensitization induced by amphetamine-like psychostimulants, opioids and stressors …

Information related to rewards is processed by a limited number of brain structures. Recent
studies have demonstrated that dopamine neurons respond to appetitive events, such as …

Besides their fundamental movement function evidenced by Parkinsonian deficits, the basal
ganglia are involved in processing closely linked non-motor, cognitive and reward …

Akinesia and gait disturbances are particularly incapacitating for patients with Parkinson's
disease. The anatomical and physiological substrates for these disturbances are poorly …

Over the last 10 years there has been important progress towards understanding how
neurotransmitters regulate dopaminergic output. Reasonable estimates can be made of the …

The mesopontine tegmentum, including the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental
nuclei (PPN and LDT), provides major cholinergic inputs to midbrain and regulates …

Dopamine (DA)-containing neurons involved in the regulation of sleep and waking (W) arise
in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The VTA …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been known to be involved in the mediation of complex
behavioral responses. Considerable research efforts are directed towards refining the …

Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons fire bursts of activity in response to sensory stimuli,
including those associated with primary reward. They are therefore conditional bursters–the …