The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Fish harbour complex and dynamic microbiota in their mucosal surfaces. Due to the vital role
of commensal microbiota in many biological functions including growth enhancement …

Fish are always susceptible to a variety of lethal diseases caused by different types of
bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic agents. The unscientific management practises such as …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

In recent years, with the advent of next-generation sequencing along with the development
of various bioinformatics tools, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)-based transcriptome analysis …

The paper presents the problem of intestinal mucosa immunity in teleost fish. The immunity
of the intestinal mucosa in teleost fish depends on the elements and mechanisms with …

Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T
cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating …

CD4+ T cells are at the nexus of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.
However, little is known about the evolutionary history of CD4+ T cells, and it is unclear …

Lymphocytes are the responsible of adaptive responses, as they are classically described,
but evidence shows that subpopulations of mammalian lymphocytes may behave as innate …