Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have
been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of “work …

Elite athletic competitions have separate male and female events due to men's physical
advantages in strength, speed, and endurance so that a protected female category with …

Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological
systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific …

One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more
frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the …

Previous studies have identified over 3,000 genes that are differentially expressed in male
and female skeletal muscle. Here, we review the sex-based differences in skeletal muscle …

The actions of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are mediated via
the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor and member of …

Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass throughout the life course is key for the regulation of
health, with physical activity a critical component of this, in part, due to its influence upon key …

With aging and other muscle wasting diseases, men and women undergo similar
pathological changes in skeletal muscle: increased inflammation, enhanced oxidative …

Polyamines are ubiquitous small basic molecules that play multiple essential roles in
mammalian physiology. Their cellular content is highly regulated and there is convincing …

Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is
one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone …