Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long
been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and …

Arguably, the most difficult part of learning is deciding what to learn about. Should I
associate the positive outcome of safely completing a street-crossing with the situation 'the …

Over the past 20 years, neuroscience research on reward-based learning has converged on
a canonical model, under which the neurotransmitter dopamine 'stamps in'associations …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Although anxiety disorders represent a major societal problem demanding new therapeutic
targets, these efforts have languished in the absence of a mechanistic understanding of this …

Classically, the basal ganglia have been considered to have a role in producing habitual
and goal-directed behaviours. In this article, we review recent evidence that expands this …

Despite increasing evidence suggesting the cerebellum works in concert with the cortex and
basal ganglia, the nature of the reciprocal interactions between these three brain regions …

Dopamine neurons facilitate learning by calculating reward prediction error, or the difference
between expected and actual reward. Despite two decades of research, it remains unclear …

We review the psychology and neuroscience of reinforcement learning (RL), which has
experienced significant progress in the past two decades, enabled by the comprehensive …

David Shoemaker presents an original, pluralistic theory of the nature of responsibility, built
out of the different kinds of emotional responses people tend to have to the expressions of …