General anaesthesia is usually considered to safely induce a reversible brain state allowing
the performance of surgery under optimal conditions. An increasing number of clinical and …

Modern health care has brought our society innumerable benefits but has also introduced
the experience of pain very early in life. For example, it is now routine care for newborns to …

Very preterm human neonates are exposed to numerous invasive procedures as part of life-
saving care. Evidence suggests that repetitive neonatal procedural pain precedes long-term …

Objective: Preterm infants are exposed to multiple painful procedures in the neonatal
intensive care unit (NICU) during a period of rapid brain development. Our aim was to …

Abstract Effects of early life psychosocial adversity have received a great deal of attention,
such as maternal separation in experimental animal models and abuse/neglect in young …

The majority of infants born very preterm (24–32 wk gestational age) now survive; however,
long-term neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems remain a concern. As part of their …

Previously our laboratory has shown that ketamine exposure (24h of clinically relevant
anesthesia) causes significant increases in neuronal cell death in perinatal rhesus monkeys …

Procedural pain in the neonatal intensive care unit triggers a cascade of physiological,
behavioral and hormonal disruptions which may contribute to altered neurodevelopment in …

Background Altered brain development is evident in children born very preterm (24–32
weeks gestational age), including reduction in gray and white matter volumes, and thinner …

Infants born preterm (< 37 weeks of gestation) are particularly vulnerable to procedural
stress and pain exposure during neonatal intensive care, at a time of rapid and complex …