Many species of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) are important in
fisheries and aquaculture, whilst others are critical to ecosystem structure and function …

Bivalves are comprised of animals unclosed in two shell valves, such as mussels, oysters,
scallops and clams. There are about 7,500 bivalve species and some of them are of …

Living in close proximity to the sediment of coastal areas, bivalves may be exposed to
veterinary antibiotic residuals and microplastics (MPs) simultaneously. However, the …

Hemocytes are the immune effectors in clams, directing cellular but also humoral defences.
In the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) and the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes …

Antimicrobial peptides are widely expressed in organisms and have been linked to innate
and acquired immunities in vertebrates. These compounds are constitutively expressed and …

Bivalves have evolved a range of complex shell forming mechanisms that are reflected by
their incredible diversity in shell mineralogy and microstructures. A suite of proteins exported …

This review assesses and examines the work conducted to date concerning host and
parasite interactions between marine bivalve molluscs and protozoan parasites, belonging …

The key component of the classical complement pathway C1q is regarded as a major
connecting link between innate and acquired immunity due to the highly adaptive binding …

The Suminoe oyster Crassostrea ariakensis has been attempted to be introduced in the
Chesapeake Bay, USA, as an alternative to the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica …

Self-nonself discrimination is a common theme for all of the organisms in different
evolutionary branches, which is also the most fundamental step for host immune protection …