The mammalian embryo cannot develop without the placenta. Its specialized cells
(trophoblast, endoderm, and extraembryonic mesoderm) form early in development. They …

Inhibitors of DNA binding and cell differentiation (Id) proteins are members of the large
family of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, but they lack any DNA-binding motif …

Id proteins are important parts of signaling pathways involved in development, cell cycle and
tumorigenesis. They were first shown to act as dominant negative antagonists of the basic …

The ubiquitously expressed family of ID helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins function as dominant
negative regulators of basic HLH (bHLH) transcriptional regulators that drive cell lineage …

Over the past few decades, biologists have identified key molecular signatures associated
with a wide range of human cancers. Recently, animal models have been particularly useful …

Current practices to maintain human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which include induced
pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells, in an undifferentiated state typically depend …

Id helix—loop—helix proteins function at a general level as positive regulators of cell growth
and as negative regulators of cell differentiation. They act as dominant—negative …

Testicular function is under the control of expression and repression of several genes and
gene products, and many of these works through Sertoli cells. The capability of Sertoli cells …

The family of inhibitor of differentiation (Id) proteins is a group of evolutionarily conserved
molecules, which play important regulatory roles in organisms ranging from Drosophila to …

Cellular responses to environmental stimuli are controlled by a series of signaling cascades
that transduce extracellular signals from ligand-activated cell surface receptors to the …