Systemically administered opioids are among the most powerful analgesics for treating
severe pain. Several negative side effects (respiratory depression, addiction, nausea and …

Pain normally subserves a vital role in the survival of the organism, prompting the avoidance
of situations associated with tissue damage. However, the sensation of pain can become …

Patients with cholestatic disease exhibit pruritus and analgesia, but the mechanisms
underlying these symptoms are unknown. We report that bile acids, which are elevated in …

Potent and clinically significant analgesic effects can be brought about by opioids acting
outside the central nervous system. Injury and inflammation of peripheral tissues leads to …

This review summarizes recent findings on peripheral mechanisms underlying the
generation and inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured …

Chemokines and chemokine receptors are widely expressed by cells of the immune and
nervous systems. This review focuses on our current knowledge concerning the role of …

Neuronal stimulation is an emerging field in modern medicine to control organ function and
re-establish physiological homeostasis during illness. Transdermal nerve stimulation with …

The immune system is critically involved in the development and maintenance of chronic
pain. However, T cells, one of the main regulators of the immune response, have only …

Chronic pain remains unsatisfactorily treated, and few novel painkillers have reached the
market in the past century. Increasing the levels of the main endogenous opioid peptides …

The concept that the immune system can communicate with peripheral sensory neurons to
modulate pain is based mostly on documented interactions between opioid ligands and …