MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, endogenous non-coding small RNAs, ranging
from 18 to 25 nucleotides in length. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs are essential …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises a variety of immune cells, among which T
cells exert a prominent axial role in tumor development or anti-tumor responses in patients …

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic effects for
colitis through immunomodulation and anti-inflammation. However, whether MSC-derived …

Rationale: Despite increasing understanding of the prognostic importance of vascular
stiffening linked to perivascular fibrosis in hypertension, the molecular and cellular …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to
influence the differentiation and function of T cells. The role that TGF‐β plays in immune …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition characterized by the
loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. MPP+ as a dopaminergic neurotoxin …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder, is
caused by a dysregulated and aberrant immune response to exposed environmental factors …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease
affecting the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. Neuronal damage is triggered by various …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects the
brain and spinal cord. There are several disease courses in MS including relapsing …

Summary T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are two distinct T‐cell
subsets with opposite effects on immune functions. While Th17 cells are a key effector in the …