Abstract Analysis of the genomes of two distantly related bird species, chicken and zebra
finch (divergence of about 100 million years), indicate that there are ten avian toll-like …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that
have been identified in mammals and avian species. Ligands for TLRs are typically …

Similar to mammalian species, chickens show marked immunological responses to CpG
oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) both in vivo and in vitro. In mammals, the receptor for ODNs …

Newly hatched chickens are confronted by a wide array of pathogenic microbes because
their adaptive immune defences have limited capabilities to control these pathogens. In such …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of
microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen …

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a threat towards the health of both poultry and humans.
To interrupt the transmission of the virus, novel prophylactic strategies must be considered …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play a critical role
in detecting and responding to several conserved patterns of microorganisms. As such, they …

Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause
disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of conserved proteins that play an important role in
pathogen recognition in addition to the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system for
various conserved pathogen-associated molecular motifs. Chicken TLR3 and TLR21 (avian …