This paper reviews a century of progress in techniques of bumblebee rearing, starting with
those used to encourage bumblebee queens to initiate a colony in artificial domiciles and …

Apple (Malus domestica) is one of the most important fruit crops globally. Apple trees
depend greatly on insect pollination to achieve high yields and obtain fruits of acceptable …

Wild and managed bees are well documented as effective pollinators of global crops of
economic importance. However, the contributions by pollinators other than bees have been …

Land-use change threatens global biodiversity and may reshape the tree of life by favoring
some lineages over others. Whether phylogenetic diversity loss compromises ecosystem …

Ecosystem services are vital for humans in urban regions. However, urban development
poses a great risk for the ability of ecosystems to provide these services. In this paper we first …

Pollination services are known to provide substantial benefits to human populations and
agriculture in particular. Although many species are known to provide pollination services …

Human domination of the biosphere has greatly altered ecosystems, often overwhelming
their capacity to provide ecosystem services critical to our survival. Yet ecological …

Bumblebees are familiar and charismatic insects, occurring throughout much of the world.
They are increasingly being used as a model organism for studying a wide range of …

There is evidence that pollinators are declining as a result of local and global environmental
degradation [1–4]. Because a sizable proportion of the human diet depends directly or …

Pollinators are required for producing 15–30% of the human food supply, and farmers rely
on managed honey bees throughout the world to provide these services. Yet honey bees …