In recent years, animal models in psychiatric research have been criticized for their limited
translational value to the clinical situation. Failures in clinical trials have thus often been …

Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …

Background Alcohol dependence is among the main leading health risk factors in most
developed and developing countries. Therapeutic success of psychosocial programs for …

Alcohol consumption is an integral part of daily life in many societies. The benefits
associated with the production, sale, and use of alcoholic beverages come at an enormous …

Some psychoactive drugs are abused because of their ability to act as reinforcers. As a
consequence behavioural patterns (such as drug‐seeking/drug‐taking behaviours) are …

Despite the generally held view that alcohol is an unspecific pharmacological agent, recent
molecular pharmacology studies demonstrated that alcohol has only a few known primary …

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that
the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and …

Background and rationale The reinstatement model is widely used to study relapse to drug
addiction. However, the model's validity is open to question. Objective We assess the …

With no further intervention, relapse rates in detoxified alcoholics are high and usually
exceed 80% of all detoxified patients. It has been suggested that stress and exposure to …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, debilitating medical illness that affects millions
of individuals worldwide. The young age of onset and chronicity of the disorder has a …