Personalized medicine tailors therapies, disease prevention, and health maintenance to the
individual, with pharmacogenomics serving as a key tool to improve outcomes and prevent …

Ten years ago, a consensus report on the optimization of tacrolimus was published in this
journal. In 2017, the Immunosuppressive Drugs Scientific Committee of the International …

Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes can result in altered metabolic
activity toward a plethora of clinically important medications. Thus, single nucleotide variants …

Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are a major source of variability in drug pharmacokinetics and
response. Of 57 putatively functional human CYPs only about a dozen enzymes, belonging …

Tacrolimus is the mainstay immunosuppressant drug used after solid organ and
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Individuals who express CYP3A5 (extensive and …

The interindividual genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters
influence the efficacy and toxicity of numerous drugs. As a fundamental element in precision …

Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for
centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional …

Ritonavir is the most potent cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor in clinical use and is often
applied as a booster for drugs with low oral bioavailability due to CYP3A4-mediated …

The use of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus led to major advances in
the field of transplantation, with excellent short-term outcome. However, the chronic …

Animal models are commonly used in the preclinical development of new drugs to predict
the metabolic behaviour of new compounds in humans. It is, however, important to realise …