Cloud feedback—the change in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud
response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate …

Understanding the influence of solar variability on the Earth's climate requires knowledge of
solar variability, solar‐terrestrial interactions, and the mechanisms determining the response …

Global medium-range weather forecasting is critical to decision-making across many social
and economic domains. Traditional numerical weather prediction uses increased compute …

Present day tropospheric ozone and its changes between 1850 and 2100 are considered,
analysing 15 global models that participated in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate …

The tropopause layer plays a key role in manifold processes in atmospheric chemistry and
physics. Here we compare the representation and characteristics of the lapse rate …

Abstract Launched in 2006, the Formosa Satellite Mission 3–Constellation Observing
System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC) was the first …

Evidence of the effect of external influences on the climate system has continued to
accumulate since the Third Assessment Report (TAR). The evidence now available is …

An idealized general circulation model is constructed of the ocean's deep circulation and
CO2 system that explains some of the more puzzling features of glacial‐interglacial CO2 …

Water vapor is not only Earth's dominant greenhouse gas. Through the release of latent heat
when it condenses, it also plays an active role in dynamic processes that shape the global …

Observations indicate that the height of the tropopause—the boundary between the
stratosphere and troposphere—has increased by several hundred meters since 1979 …