Many birds and mammals drastically reduce their energy expenditure during times of cold
exposure, food shortage, or drought, by temporarily abandoning euthermia, ie the …

Mitochondria are widely recognized as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animal
cells, where it is assumed that over-production of ROS leads to an overwhelmed antioxidant …

The mammalian brain is highly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation, yet the mechanism
underlying the brain's sensitivity to hypoxia is incompletely understood. Hypoxia induces …

Many environmental conditions can constrain the ability of animals to obtain sufficient food
energy, or transform that food energy into useful chemical forms. To survive extended …

Naked mole-rats (NMRs, Heterocephalus glaber) are the longest-lived rodents with a
maximum life span exceeding 37 years. They exhibit a delayed aging phenotype and …

All mammals and birds must develop effective strategies to cope with reduced oxygen
availability. These animals achieve tolerance to acute and chronic hypoxia by (a) reductions …

Many vertebrates are challenged by either chronic or acute episodes of low oxygen
availability in their natural environments. Brain function is especially vulnerable to the effects …

Introduction Inflammation is an stereotypical response to tissue damage and has been
extensively documented in experimental and clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI), including …

Mammals that hibernate experience extreme metabolic states and body temperatures as
they transition between euthermia, a state resembling typical warm blooded mammals, and …

Fasting is a component of many species' life history due to environmental factors or
behavioral patterns that limit access to food. Despite metabolic and physiological challenges …