BACKGROUND Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes as linear chains of amino acids and
must fold into unique three-dimensional structures to fulfill their biological functions. Protein …

The general secretory (Sec) pathway comprises an essential, ubiquitous and universal
export machinery for most proteins that integrate into, or translocate through, the plasma …

Neurodegeneration in patients with Parkinson's disease is correlated with the occurrence of
Lewy bodies—intracellular inclusions that contain aggregates of the intrinsically disordered …

Biomolecules are in constant motion. To understand how they function, and why
malfunctions can cause disease, it is necessary to describe their three-dimensional …

Manipulation of individual molecules with optical tweezers provides a powerful means of
interrogating the structure and folding of proteins. Mechanical force is not only a relevant …

Progress in development of biophysical analytic approaches has recently crossed paths with
macromolecule condensates in cells. These cell condensates, typically termed liquid-like …

Biological fluids, the most complex blends, have compositions that constantly vary and
cannot be molecularly defined. Despite these uncertainties, proteins fluctuate, fold, function …

The timely production of functional proteins is of critical importance for the biological activity
of cells. To reach the functional state, newly synthesized polypeptides have to become …

Co-translational protein folding is an essential process by which cells ensure the safe and
efficient production and assembly of new proteins in their functional native states following …

Polyphosphate (polyP) consists of a linear arrangement of inorganic phosphates and defies
its structural simplicity with an astounding number of different activities in the cell. Already …