West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe,
lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its …

Co-infections are very common in nature and occur when hosts are infected by two or more
different pathogens either by simultaneous or secondary infections so that two or more …

Viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) have in common the need of suitable
host cells for efficient replication and proliferation during infection. In human infections, the …

Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that
occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical …

The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the …

Microbial communities are spatially organized in both the environment and the human body.
Although patterns exhibited by these communities are described by microbial biogeography …

The most consequential challenge raised by coinfection is perhaps the inappropriate
generation of recombinant viruses through the exchange of genetic material among different …

Most parasites co-occur with other parasites, although the importance of such
multiparasitism has only recently been recognised. Co-infections may result when hosts are …

Coinfections with pathogenic microbes continually confront cervical mucosa, yet their
implications in pathogenesis remain unclear. Lack of in-vitro models recapitulating cervical …

The growing momentum of several common life-style diseases such as myocardial
infarction, cardiovascular disorders, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis has …