Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized
by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in …

Neutrophils are major effectors and regulators of the immune system. They play critical roles
not only in the eradication of pathogens but also in cancer initiation and progression …

Bone marrow (BM)-mediated trained innate immunity (TII) is a state of heightened immune
responsiveness of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and their myeloid …

Traditionally viewed as poorly plastic, neutrophils are now recognized as functionally
diverse; however, the extent and determinants of neutrophil heterogeneity in humans remain …

The lungs are constantly exposed to inhaled debris, allergens, pollutants, commensal or
pathogenic microorganisms, and respiratory viruses. As a result, innate and adaptive …

Summary Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an experimental vaccine
designed to protect cattle from bovine tuberculosis, was administered for the first time to a …

The mechanisms underlying innate immune memory have been extensively explored in the
last decades but are in fact largely unknown. Although the specificity of adaptive immune …

Neutrophils are formidable defenders. Their vast numbers, constant production, high
cytotoxicity and capacity to produce extracellular traps, underlie their ability to efficiently …

Ocular drug delivery has constantly challenged ophthalmologists and drug delivery
scientists due to various anatomical and physiological barriers. Static and dynamic ocular …

Trained immunity refers to a hyperresponsive functional state of the innate immune system,
which is induced by certain stimuli, such as infections or vaccination. Trained immunity plays …