In this research, we delve into the dynamics of an infected predator–prey system in the
presence of fear and refuge, presenting a novel inclusion of treatment for infected …

Abstract Maize Foliar Disease (MFD) is a significant issue affecting maize crop production
globally, leading to substantial losses in both yield and quality. This study formulates and …

In order to study the transmission mechanism of animal disease, thereby better controlling it
and protecting human health, this work deals with a stochastic eco-epidemiological model …

Prey-predator interactions in an ecosystem are greatly influenced by the gestation delay and
disease. To analyze the complex dynamics of the prey-predator interaction, we have …

Due to the fact that living organisms do not exist individually, but rather exist in clusters
interacting with each other, which helps to spread epidemics among them. Therefore, the …