Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse
functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder,
characterized by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative emotions and thoughts, and …

Neuronal ensembles that hold specific memory (memory engrams) have been identified in
the hippocampus, amygdala, or cortex. However, it has been hypothesized that engrams of …

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional
imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical …

Elevated dopamine transmission in psychosis is assumed to unbalance striatal output
through D1-and D2-receptor-expressing spiny-projection neurons (SPNs). Antipsychotic …

Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are commonly used gene delivery vehicles
for neuroscience research. They have two engineerable features: the capsid (outer protein …

The gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated by a complex network of neurons that
coordinate critical physiological functions. Here, we summarize recent studies investigating …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of cell surface receptors in
humans that signal in response to diverse inputs and regulate a plethora of cellular …