The implications of self-organizing phenomena for planning strategies and interventions are
a relatively new topic of research that is gaining increasing traction with urban planners and …

In recent decades cities and urban planning have become increasingly digitised, complex
and data rich. Despite this, the planning theory literature has largely ignored the role and …

The Routledge Companion to Smart Cities explores the question of what it means for a city
to be 'smart', raises some of the tensions emerging in smart city developments and considers …

As urban self-organization grows into a key concept in spatial planning—explaining
spontaneous spatial transformations—the understandings and applications of the concept …

One of the main criticisms of participatory planning is its tendency to produce mediocre
outcomes due to the compromises made in the search for consensus. As a remedy, there …

The fourth sector has traditionally been described as encompassing families, households,
neighbours, and friends, however, competing definitions have recently begun to emerge …

In the debate about smart cities, an alternative to a dominant top-down, tech-driven
solutionist approach has arisen in examples of 'civic hacking'. Hacking here refers to the …

Co-creation is typically defined as a mode of collaborative action, which is based on the
complex combination of both top-down designing and bottom-up organizing from service …

Time is the main axis for understanding the functional, economic, and social aspects of self-
organized redevelopment. When such processes are intensive and are conducted …

A key advantage of public participation GIS (PPGIS) tools has been seen as increasing the
polyphony of urban planning by reaching the wisdom of crowds. However, the challenge is …