Transmembrane proteins comprise~ 30% of the mammalian proteome, mediating
metabolism, signalling, transport and many other functions required for cellular life. The …

HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein [Env; trimeric (gp160) 3 cleaved to (gp120/gp41) 3] attaches
the virion to a susceptible cell and induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to initiate …

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for both pathogens and the hosts during viral
infection. Cu is involved in the functions of critical immune cells such as T helper cells, B …

Major advances have occurred in recent years in our understanding of HIV-1 assembly,
release and maturation, as work in this field has been propelled forwards by developments …

A defining property of retroviruses is their ability to assemble into particles that can leave
producer cells and spread infection to susceptible cells and hosts. Virion morphogenesis …

The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins play an essential role in the virus replication cycle
by mediating the fusion between viral and cellular membranes during the entry process. The …

Nonstandard abbreviations used: glycophosphatidylinositolanchored (GPI-anchored);
endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); β-secretase (BACE); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); …

The lipid bilayer is one of the most eloquent and important self-assembled structures in
nature. It not only provides a protective container for cells and sub-cellular compartments …

Exosomes are 60–100-nm membrane vesicles that are secreted into the extracellular milieu
as a consequence of multivesicular body fusion with the plasma membrane. Here we …

The lipids of enveloped viruses play critical roles in viral morphogenesis and infectivity. They
are derived from the host membranes from which virus budding occurs, but the precise lipid …