The review reports on the presence and metabolism of sex steroids in several invertebrate
species and provides detailed information on possible mechanisms of endocrine disruption …

In assessing the evidence as to whether vertebrate sex steroids (eg testosterone, estradiol,
progesterone) have hormonal actions in mollusks, ca. 85% of research papers report at least …

Previous work has demonstrated the presence of various sex steroids in molluscs and
suggested their possible functions in the control of reproduction. However, their potential …

Prosobranch snails have been afflicted globally by a condition whereby females develop
male sex characteristics, most notably a penis. This condition, known as imposex, has been …

Imposex, the development of male sex characteristics by female gonochoristic snails, has
been documented globally and is causally associated with exposure to the ubiquitous …

Elevated testosterone levels have been reported to be associated with imposex (
pseudohermaphroditism), the superimposition of male characteristics such as a penis and …

In an attempt to clarify the mechanism (s) of tributyltin-mediated imposex induction in
females of the neogastropod Nucella lapillus, dogwhelks collected in an almost imposex …

Tributyltin (TBT)-induced imposex in gastropods is often cited as a prime example of
environmental endocrine disruption. Several endocrine-related hypotheses have been …

Infection with trematodes produces physiological and behavioural changes in intermediate
snail hosts. One response to infection is parasitic castration, in which energy required for …

Over the past thirty years, a global occurrence of sexual aberration has occurred whereby
females among populations of prosobranch snails exhibit male sex characteristics. This …