Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

Environmental theories of African faunal evolution state that important evolutionary changes
during the Pliocene–Pleistocene interval (the last ca. 5.3 million years) were mediated by …

The Earth's climate has undergone a global transition over the past four million years, from
warm conditions with global surface temperatures about 3° C warmer than today, smaller ice …

During the warm early Pliocene (∼ 4.5 to 3.0 million years ago), the most recent interval with
a climate warmer than today, the eastern Pacific thermocline was deep and the average …

Global climate change around 3–4 Myr ago is thought to have influenced the evolution of
hominids, via the aridification of Africa, and may have been the precursor to Pleistocene …

Optimal use of Mg/Ca as a paleotemperature proxy requires establishing calibrations for
different species of foraminifera and quantifying the influence of dissolution. To achieve this …

About 3 million years ago (Ma), the I sthmus of P anama joined the A mericas, forming a land
bridge over which inhabitants of each A merica invaded the other—the G reat A merican B …

Bursts in species diversification are well documented among animals and plants, yet few
studies have assessed recent adaptive radiations of eukaryotic microbes. Consequently, we …

Abstract Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, or “zooxanthellae,” are required for the survival of a
diverse community of invertebrates that construct and dominate shallow, tropical coral reef …