Multidimensional force sensors have substantially improved the surgical quality of surgical
robots. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on …

Haptic interaction plays an important role in the virtual reality technology, which let a person
not only view the 3D virtual environment but also realistically touch the virtual environment …

Developing microscale sensors capable of force measurements down to the scale of
piconewtons is of fundamental importance for a wide range of applications. To date …

This paper introduces the fabrication of a six degree-of-freedom force and torque sensor
based on fiber-optic sensing technology and its novel calibration methodology. The sensor …

Micro-force measurement with high resolution, accuracy, and reliability is of interest in a
broad range of applications including gravitational-wave detection, intelligent healthcare …

In this study, a novel strain gauge arrangement and error reduction techniques were
proposed to minimize crosstalk reading and simultaneously increase sensitivity on a …

Achieving high sensitivity of pressure-responsive devices across a wide detection range
using a single device remains a challenge. Here, we present a straightforward fabrication of …

This paper presents the development of a flexible, multi-axis, intensity modulated-based
fiber-optic force sensor for concurrently measuring normal and shear forces. The proposed …

Miniaturized six-axis force/torque sensors have potential applications in robotic tactile
sensing, minimally invasive surgery, and other narrow operating spaces, where currently …

At present, six-axis force/torque (F/T) sensor has been increasingly used in robot
application, and most of the elastic elements of resistance strain type F/T sensors are made …