Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease that is
characterized by severe locomotor abnormalities. Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment has been …

Dyskinesias encompass a variety of different hyperkinetic phenomenologies, particularly
chorea, dystonia, stereotypies, and akathisia. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is one of …

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is commonly seen in Parkinson's disease patients
treated with levodopa. This side effect is usually encountered after long duration of …

Glutamatergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems play a critical role in
the basal ganglia circuitry. Targeting these non-dopaminergic receptors remains a focus of …

Astrocytes but not neurons express cystine/glutamate exchange transporter (xCT), which
takes up cystine, and consequently supplies the substrate for GSH synthesis in neurons. It is …

Most physiologic processes in the brain and related diseases involve more than one
neurotransmitter system. Thus, elucidation of the interaction between different …

Long-term dopamine (DA) replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to the
development of abnormal involuntary movements known as l-Dopa–induced dyskinesia …

In this review, we discuss the opportunity for repurposing drugs for use in l-DOPA-induced
dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease. LID is a particularly suitable indication for drug …

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) represents one of the major problems of the long-term
therapy of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although, the pathophysiologic …

Dyskinesias are characterized by abnormal repetitive involuntary movements due to
dysfunctional neuronal activity. Although levodopa-induced dyskinesia, characterized by tic …