For sexual selection to act on a given sex, there must exist variation in the reproductive
success of that sex as a result of differential access to mates or fertilisations. The …

We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has
evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we …

Meiobenthology is the science of the tiny animals that live in huge numbers in all aquatic
sediments. This fully revised and enlarged second edition emphasizes new discoveries and …

A sister group of the Arthropoda, the Tardigrada are micrometazoans that occupy a diversity
of niches in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats. Commonly called water bears …

Background Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter cryptobiosis (latent life) and
endure extreme stress, including desiccation and freezing. Increased focus is on revealing …

Classifying organisms has a wide use and a long history in ecology. However, the meaning
of a 'group of organisms' and how to group organisms is still the subject of much theoretical …

Biochemical and ultrastructural advances in the latter part of the 20th C. have revolutionized
our understanding of cryptobiosis since Anton van Leeuwenhoek gave the first formal …

Parthenogenesis has been documented in almost every phylum of animals, and yet this
phenomenon is largely understudied. It has particular importance in dipterans since some …

Phylum Tardigrada consists of∼ 1000 tiny, hardy metazoan species distributed throughout
terrestrial, limno‐terrestrial and oceanic habitats. Their phylogenetic status has been …

Purpose: Tardigrades have a reputation of being extremely tolerant to extreme
environmental conditions including tolerance to ionizing radiation while in a desiccated …