The presence of sports fans in the stands is considered a natural and essential element of
sporting events. Beyond the atmosphere fans create and the color they add to the game …

The introduction of the video assistant referee (VAR) was a landmark in soccer history, yet it
is not empirically examined whether the technology contributes to the most supreme value of …

Establishing a causal relationship requires not only the presence of a factor of interest but
also the demonstration that the relationship is absent when the factor is absent. Such ideal …

While the effect of missing audiences has been studied numerously in team sports with
diverse effects, studies on individual performances are rare. The current investigation …

Professional sports are a cultural activity beloved by many, and a global hundred-billion-
dollar industry. In this paper, we investigate the trends of match outcome predictability …

Home advantage and referee bias are two sport factors that have been widely studied in the
football (ie, soccer) context. However, the mediating effect of spectators on these factors is …

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly altered the way sporting events are observed. With
the absence or limited presence of spectators in stadiums, the traditional advantage enjoyed …

The home advantage (HA) affects football competitions, especially due to the presence of
crowd support. Even though several studies demonstrated that HA (which is influenced by …

Research question The COVID-19 pandemic entailed a period where no spectators were
allowed to attend arena events. This provided a unique opportunity to study how the non …

Implicit biases occur automatically and unintentionally and are particularly present when we
have to make split second decisions. One such situations appears in refereeing, where …