Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Animals have sophisticated mechanisms for coping with danger. Freezing is a unique state
that, upon threat detection, allows evidence to be gathered, response possibilities to be …

Rapid phasic activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is thought to signal reward prediction
errors (RPEs), resembling temporal difference errors used in machine learning. However …

Research on avoidance conditioning began in the late 1930s as a way to use laboratory
experiments to better understand uncontrollable fear and anxiety. Avoidance was initially …

Dopamine neurons facilitate learning by calculating reward prediction error, or the difference
between expected and actual reward. Despite two decades of research, it remains unclear …

Chronic psychosocial adversity induces vulnerability to mental illnesses. Animal studies
demonstrate that this may be mediated by dopaminergic dysfunction. We therefore …

Background Psychiatric disorders are multigenic diseases with complex etiology that
contribute significantly to human morbidity and mortality. Although clinically distinct, several …

The purpose of this article was to explore how individuals' position in a socioeconomic
hierarchy is related to health behaviours that are related to socioeconomic disparities in …

In order to thrive, animals must be able to recognize aversive and appetitive stimuli within
the environment and subsequently initiate appropriate behavioral responses. This …

Abstract Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the intoxicating constituent of cannabis and is
responsible for the drug's reinforcing effects. Retrospective human studies suggest that …