Objective The USA is in the midst of an opioid crisis. Understanding the impact of opioids
and commonly used treatments for opioid dependence is essential for clinicians and …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common phenomenon, accounting for significant cost and
adverse health effects. While there is information about focal pathologies following TBI …

Background: medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with buprenorphine is now widely
prescribed to treat addiction to heroin and other illicit opioids. There is some evidence that …

Objective General anesthesia can disturb the hormone levels in surgical patients. Hormone
deficiency is one of the major symptoms of craniopharyngioma (CP) in pediatric patients …

Opioid analgesics have immunomodulatory properties, which often result in
immunosuppression. Sustained-release buprenorphine (SR-Bup) has recently become …

Surgery in animals, like in humans, leads to endocrine changes. They result from both
surgical stress and drugs used in anaesthesiology. The authors of this review presented …