Abstract Calcium–calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is the most
abundant protein in excitatory synapses and is central to synaptic plasticity, learning and …

Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

Cell death and inflammation are closely linked arms of the innate immune response to
combat infection and tissue malfunction. Recent advancements in our understanding of the …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

Cellular responses to environmental cues involve the mobilization of GTPases, protein
kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. The spatial organization of these signalling …

Protein kinases are dynamically regulated signaling proteins that act as switches in the cell
by phosphorylating target proteins. To establish a framework for analyzing linkages between …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade comprised of the Raf, MEK, and
ERK protein kinases constitutes a key effector cascade used by the Ras GTPases to relay …

The human protein kinome comprises 535 proteins that, with the exception of approximately
50 pseudokinases, control intracellular signaling networks by catalyzing the phosphorylation …