In 1925, 5-methylcytosine was first reported in bacteria. However, its biological importance
was not intuitive for several decades. After this initial lag, the ubiquitous presence of this …

Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of eukaryotic genomes. However, the
extent of their impact on genome evolution, function, and disease remain a matter of intense …

A contribution of DNA methylation to defense against invading nucleic acids and
maintenance of genome integrity is uncontested; however, our understanding of the extent …

The completion of a telomere-to-telomere human reference genome, T2T-CHM13, has
resolved complex regions of the genome, including repetitive and homologous regions …

Transposable elements (TEs) are a prolific source of tightly regulated, biochemically active
non-coding elements, such as transcription factor-binding sites and non-coding RNAs. Many …

Age-related osteoporosis is characterized by the deterioration in bone volume and strength,
partly due to the dysfunction of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) …

Epigenetics is a discipline that studies heritable changes in gene expression that do not
involve altering the DNA sequence. Over the past decade, researchers have shown that …

Cytosine methylation is a DNA modification generally associated with transcriptional
silencing. Factors that regulate methylation have been linked to human disease, yet how …

Epigenetic modifications in DNA bases and histone proteins play important roles in the
regulation of gene expression and genome stability. Chemical modification of DNA base …

Plants have an extraordinary diversity of transcription machineries, including five nuclear
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Four of these enzymes are dedicated to the production …