Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over time. Numerous
neurotransmitters, hormones, and factors have been implicated to coordinately control …

Peptide hormones released from the gastrointestinal tract communicate information about
the current state of energy balance to the brain. These hormones regulate appetite and …

Short-term regulation of food intake controls what, when and how much we eat within a
single day or a meal. This regulation results from an integrated response to neural and …

Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century with 1.6 billion
adults currently classified as being overweight and 400 million as obese. Obesity is causally …

The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system–comprising of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, pancreatic
polypeptide and the corresponding Y receptors through which they act (Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5 and …

The maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the
higher animals and mammals survive. The body weight depends on the balance between …

Obesity is one of the biggest health challenges of the 21st century, already affecting close to
700 million people worldwide, debilitating and shortening lives and costing billions of …

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a member of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of peptides, is a
hormone secreted from the endocrine pancreas with established actions on appetite …

The central nervous system undertakes the homeostatic role of sensing nutrient intake and
body reserves, integrating the information, and regulating energy intake and/or energy …

The neuropeptide Y system has proven to be one of the most important regulators of feeding
behaviour and energy homeostasis, thus presenting great potential as a therapeutic target …