Industrial applications and commercial processes release a lot of chromium into the
environment (soil, surface water or atmosphere) and resulting in serious human diseases …

Chromium is a potentially poisonous and carcinogenic species, which originates from
human activities and various industries such as leather, steel, iron, and electroplating …

Fresh water accounts for 3% of water resources on the Earth. Human and industrial activities
produce and discharge wastes containing heavy metals into the water resources making …

Microorganisms perform an important function in the bioremediation of contaminated soils,
water and effluents. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts and microalgae and cyanobacteria, are low-cost …

Removal of hazardous metals through biological means has received considerable attention
in the last few decades. Nevertheless, only a fraction of these studies employed growing …

Chromium contaminants emanating from industrial activities pose a significant threat to
human's well-being. Chromium (III) and Chromium (VI) are the forms in which they are …

BIOREACTORS, AIR-LIFT REACTORS Page 1 320 BIOREACTORS, AIR-LIFT REACTORS
Gas output Gas output Gas output Gas input Gas input Gas input Internal-loop split ALR …

A huge amount of effluents contaminated with heavy metals and metal complex dyes are
generated every day from various industries. Biological treatment using various …

Chromium (Cr) is a highly toxic metal for microorganisms as well as plants and animal cells.
Due to its widespread industrial use, Cr has become a serious pollutant in diverse …

Wastewater originating from various industries is a major global environmental issue. The
conventional methods utilized for the removal of HM are observed as inappropriate when …