Highlights•New monomers have been discovered, and structural aspects of the lignin
polymer have been refined.•The definition of a lignin monomer has been broadened.• …

Global climate change exacerbates the effects of environmental stressors, such as drought,
flooding, extreme temperatures, salinity, and alkalinity, on crop growth and grain yield …

INTRODUCTION All living organisms have evolved homeostatic mechanisms to control their
mineral nutrient and trace element content (ionomes). In plant roots and animal guts, these …

Plant salt-stress response involves complex physiological processes. Previous studies have
shown that some factors promote salt tolerance only under high transpiring condition, thus …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate plant growth and development. ROS are kept at
low levels in cells to prevent oxidative damage, allowing them to be effective signaling …

Lignin is a major component of secondarily thickened plant cell walls and is considered to
be the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet. At one point believed to be the …

Woody plants have to experience various abiotic stresses due to their immobility and
perennial characteristics. However, woody plants have evolved a series of specific …

Suberin is a hydrophobic biopolymer that can be deposited at the periphery of cells, forming
protective barriers against biotic and abiotic stress. In roots, suberin forms lamellae at the …

The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and
organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell …

Lignin is a complex polymer deposited in the cell wall of specialised plant cells, where it
provides essential cellular functions. Plants coordinate timing, location, abundance and …