The COVID-19 pandemic has and will continue to result in negative mental health outcomes
such as depression, anxiety and traumatic stress in people and populations throughout the …

Tremendous progress has been made in basic neuroscience in recent decades. One area
that has been especially successful is research on how the brain detects and responds to …

The uncertainty which is threatening and stressful prevents a person's perception of control
and leads to maladaptive psychological reactions such as anxiety. We aimed to define the …

Emotional states of consciousness, or what are typically called emotional feelings, are
traditionally viewed as being innately programmed in subcortical areas of the brain, and are …

Background: Virtual reality is increasingly being utilized by clinicians to facilitate analgesia
and anxiolysis within an inpatient setting. There is however, a lack of a clinically relevant …

Survival in threatening situations depends on the selection and rapid execution of an
appropriate active or passive defensive response, yet the underlying brain circuitry is not …

This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited
reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We …

Uncertainty about a possible future threat disrupts our ability to avoid it or to mitigate its
negative impact and thus results in anxiety. Here, we focus the broad literature on the …

The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear
conditioning, a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later …