Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, is found
in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Although, ample research into GABA has …

Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary calcium sensor in all eukaryotes. It binds calcium and
regulates the activity of a wide range of effector proteins in response to calcium signals. The …

Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are low molecular weight family of proteins induced in
plants under various biotic and abiotic stresses. They play an important role in plant-defense …

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is an unusual pathogen which has the broad host
range, diverse infection modes, and potential double feeding lifestyles of both biotroph and …

Many stimuli, such as hormones and abiotic stress factors, elicit changes in intracellular
calcium levels that serve to convey information and activate appropriate responses. The …

To survive as sedentary organisms built of immobile cells, plants require an effective
intercellular communication system, both locally between neighbouring cells within each …

In response to abiotic stresses, plants mount comprehensive stress-specific responses
which mediate signal transduction cascades, transcription of relevant responsive genes and …

Low-temperatures pose extreme challenges to crops causing significant economical
impacts. Frosts are responsible for more than 30% of weather-related insured crop losses in …

Rapid industrial development is responsible for severe problems related to environmental
pollution. Many human and industrial activities require different metals and, as a result, great …

In plants, pathogenesis-related 1 protein (PR1) is considered as important defense protein.
The production and accumulation of PR proteins in plants are one of the important …