Allergic rhinitis (AR) is caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to inhaled
allergens and is one of the most common chronic conditions globally. AR often co-occurs …

Sleep disturbances are common in pregnancy, and sleep disorders may worsen or present
de novo in the course of gestation. Managing a pregnant patient is complicated by the risk of …

Abstract Purpose of Review Intranasal corticosteroid sprays have been available as over-the-
counter (OTC) medications since 2013. As such, clinicians need to be up-to-date with the …

Methods: The study was conducted by three authors, namely the writing support team. The
support team made the study plan, determined the writing instructions, chose the subgroups …

Objective: The purpose of this scholarly review is to present an update of the efficacy, safety,
and distribution of intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) in the context of treatment for chronic …

Background Intranasal phototherapy offers an alternative treatment method for patients with
allergic rhinitis who cannot benefit from intranasal corticosteroids and oral antihistamines …

Headache disorders are common with an estimated prevalence of 50% worldwide. 1 The
International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) classifies headache disorders as …

The primary objectives of asthma management during pregnancy are to achieve adequate
symptom control, reduce the risk of acute exacerbations, and maintain normal pulmonary …

CORTISOL secretion by the cortex of e adrenal glands (Fig. 32.1) increases in response to
any stress in the body, whether physical (such as illness, trauma, surgery or temperature …

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a frequent disorder. From a clinical
and an immunopathological point of view, different phenotypes and endotypes have been …