Multimodal defensive displays are commonplace, with prey combining conspicuous
coloration, sounds, odours and other chemical emissions to deter predators. These …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Animals that are brightly colored have intrigued scientists since the time of Darwin, because
it seems surprising that prey should have evolved to be clearly visible to predators. Often this …

Arthropod herbivory induces plant volatiles that can be used by natural enemies of the
herbivores to find their prey. This has been studied mainly for arthropods that prey upon or …

Summary 1 Although the ability to detect chemical cues is widespread in many organisms, it
is surprising how little is known about the role of chemical communication in avian life …

Deals with all aspects of adaptive resemblance Full colour Covers everything from classic
examples of Batesian, Mullerian, aggressive and sexual mimicries through to human …

Predators may either learn to avoid aposematic prey or may avoid it because of an innate
bias. Learned as well as innate avoidance has been observed in birds, but the existing …

Among the various properties of visual warning signals, colour seems to be especially
important for avian predators. We tested the role of particular colours of an aposematic …

The role of olfaction for predation risk assessment remains barely explored in birds,
although predator chemical cues could be useful in predator detection under low visibility …

Aposematic organisms warn predators of their unprofitability using a combination of
defenses, including visual warning signals, startling sounds, noxious odors, or aversive …