Anthropogenic forcings have led to multifaceted changes in the seas around China, which
include the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China Seas, affecting the functions and …

The element silicon (Si) is required for the growth of silicified organisms in marine
environments, such as diatoms. These organisms consume vast amounts of Si together with …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Sustained observations of marine biodiversity and ecosystems focused on specific
conservation and management problems are needed around the world to effectively mitigate …

Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean colour) and inferred chlorophyll
concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics at seasonal and inter-annual …

Ocean colour is recognised as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) by the Global Climate
Observing System (GCOS); and spectrally-resolved water-leaving radiances (or remote …

Microbial activity is a fundamental component of oceanic nutrient cycles. Photosynthetic
microbes, collectively termed phytoplankton, are responsible for the vast majority of primary …

Phytoplankton are the base of the Antarctic food web, sustain the wealth and diversity of life
for which Antarctica is renowned, and play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles that …

The Ocean plays a central role in Earth's climate and has absorbed 93% of the extra energy
from the enhanced greenhouse effect and approximately 30% of anthropogenic carbon …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …