Dendritic spines are small, thin, specialized protrusions from neuronal dendrites, primarily
localized in the excitatory synapses. Sophisticated imaging techniques revealed that …

A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and
research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the …

It has been 30 years since the discovery that repeated electrical stimulation of neural
pathways can lead to long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. With its relevance to …

Since its discovery almost three decades ago, the secreted neurotrophin brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been firmly implicated in the differentiation and survival of …

The hippocampus is known to be recruited during the recall of experiences from our distant
past, despite evidence that memory traces in this region vanish over time. Extant theories of …

Brief periods of sleep loss have long-lasting consequences such as impaired memory
consolidation. Structural changes in synaptic connectivity have been proposed as a …

Much evidence indicates that, after learning, memories are created by alterations in
glutamate-dependent excitatory synaptic transmission. These modifications are then actively …

Photon upconversion (UC) from near‐infrared (NIR) light to visible light has enabled
optogenetic manipulations in deep tissues. However, materials for NIR optogenetics have …

Persistent changes in behavior and psychological function that occur as a function of
experience, such those associated with learning and memory, are thought to be due to the …

Neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are expressed in the
hippocampus, as well as their precursors, the pro-neurotrophins. The neurotrophins signal …