One of the most important achievements of bacteria is its capability to adapt to the changing
conditions of the environment. The competition for nutrients with other microorganisms …

SUMMARY The PhoP/PhoQ two-component system governs virulence, Mg2+ homeostasis,
and resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents, including acidic pH and cationic …

Bacteria can rapidly and reversibly respond to changing environments via complex
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Many of these adaptations …

The stringent response to nutrient deprivation is a stress response found throughout the
bacterial domain of life. Although first described in proteobacteria for matching ribosome …

AAA+ family proteolytic machines (ClpXP, ClpAP, ClpCP, HslUV, Lon, FtsH, PAN/20S, and
the 26S proteasome) perform protein quality control and are used in regulatory circuits in all …

Under conditions of nutrient deprivation or stress, or as cells enter stationary phase,
Escherichia coli and related bacteria increase the accumulation of RpoS, a specialized …

During stress, bacteria undergo extensive physiological transformations, many of which are
coordinated by ppGpp. Although ppGpp is best known for enhancing cellular resilience by …

Gene expression occurs in two essential steps: transcription and translation. In bacteria, the
two processes are tightly coupled in time and space, and highly regulated. Tight regulation …

Conditions that sustain constant bacterial growth are seldom found in nature. Oligotrophic
environments and competition among microorganisms force bacteria to be able to adapt …

There are numerous proteases of pathogenic organisms that are currently targeted for
therapeutic intervention along with many that are seen as potential drug targets. This review …