MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Among the many heavy metals, chromium (Cr) is one of the fascinating ones. In its two most
prevalent oxidation forms, trivalent (Cr 3+) and hexavalent (Cr 6+), Cr has completely …

Abstract Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in
the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's …

Psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and
schizophrenia, affect a significant percentage of the world population. These disorders are …

Over the past five decades, thanatology has come to include the study of how individual
cells in our bodies die appropriately and inappropriately in response to physiological and …

Although glutamate is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters of the central
nervous system, its excessive extracellular concentration leads to uncontrolled continuous …

Although nerve cell death is the hallmark of many neurological diseases, the processes
underlying this death are still poorly defined. However, there is a general consensus that …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB, are broadly expressed in
thedeveloping and adult mammalian brain. BDNF/TrkB-stimulated intracellular signaling is …

Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated endogenously or in response to
environmental stress have long been implicated in tissue injury in the context of a variety of …