The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family are a large group of evolutionarily conserved
cytokines whose signalling modulates cell fate decision-making across varying cellular …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is an important pathway for promoting the
pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. The roles of TGF-β signaling are …

Lactate acidosis is often observed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. This
is because glucose breaks down quickly via glycolysis, causing lactate acidity. Lactate is …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

Inhibitors of the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) pathway are potentially promising
antifibrotic therapies, but nonselective simultaneous inhibition of all three TGF-β homologs …

Cancer immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints has
undoubtedly revolutionized the cancer treatment landscape in the last decade. Immune …

As 2023 approaches, the COVID-19 pandemic has killed millions. While vaccines have
been a crucial intervention, only a few effective medications exist for prevention and …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by high blood
pressure in the pulmonary circulation driven by pathological remodeling of distal pulmonary …

Immunotherapies based on antibody fragments have been developed and applied to human
diseases, describing novel antibody formats. The vNAR domains have a potential …

Simple Summary Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are the leading cancer-related deaths
worldwide. Despite improved survival rates with current treatments, recurrence remains a …