Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

▪ Abstract G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) have proven to be the most highly
favorable class of drug targets in modern pharmacology. Over 90% of nonsensory GPCRs …

G-protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels allow neurotransmitters, through G-
protein-coupled receptor stimulation, to control cellular electrical excitability. In cardiac and …

Mu opioid receptors mediate positive reinforcement following direct (morphine) or indirect
(alcohol, cannabinoids, nicotine) activation, and our understanding of mu receptor function …

Morphine and other opioids are used and abused for their analgesic and rewarding
properties. Tolerance to these effects develops over hours/days to weeks, as can physical …

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes produces ROS as their sole function and is
becoming recognized as key modulators of signal transduction pathways with a …

The objective of this review is to identify a target or biomarker of altered neurochemical
sensitivity that is common to the many animal models of human psychoses associated with …

The transcription factor ΔFosB is induced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal
striatum by the repeated administration of drugs of abuse. Here, we investigated the role of …

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating processes such as
cellular homeostasis, responses to stimuli, and cell signaling. Accordingly, GPCRs have …

Following activation, most G protein coupled receptors undergo regulation by a cascade of
events that promote receptor desensitization and endocytosis. Following endocytosis …