BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a particularly useful behavioral paradigm for exploring the
molecular mechanisms of learning and memory because a well-defined response to a …

Elucidating the roles of neuronal cell types for physiology and behavior is essential for
understanding brain functions. Perturbation of neuron electrical activity can be used to probe …

The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the
acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from …

Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, memory,
language, decision-making, and intelligence. Students examine major discipline-related …

A fundamental question in memory research is how our brains can form enduring memories.
In humans, memories of everyday life depend initially on the medial temporal lobe system …

Consolidation is the progressive postacquisition stabilization of long-term memory. The term
is commonly used to refer to two types of processes: synaptic consolidation, which is …

OBJECTIVE: Most research on the effects of severe psychological stress has focused on
stress-related psychopathology. Here, the author develops psychobiological models of …

Increasing evidence demonstrates that neuroplasticity, a fundamental mechanism of
neuronal adaptation, is disrupted in mood disorders and in animal models of stress. Here we …